Maybe take that infrared thermometer and look at your entire cooling system. If'n ya got high exhaust manifold temps and a radiator that is not much above ambient, that water pump might not be moving coolant sufficiently because of an internal problem such as a floating impeller or an external restriction such as a thermostat that is not opening properly. A clogged or leaky WDT will also cause more heat to soak into the rear of the engine rather than circulate through the cooling system. If the radiator has hot spots + cold spots, there might be some blockage there.
FWIW I have an exhaust temp gauge in the QuadCab, and the 5.9L Cummins normally gets up to 400°F at idle in above freezing ambient temperatures. This straight 6 diesel is about twice the size of the pickup flatheads, and pulling a load of 5000# up a grade, the exhaust temps get up to about 1000°F with about 15psi boost, but within a minute of getting back to flat road, temps drop back to 700°F at about 7psi boost. And after driving like this all day, idle temps get back to 400°F within a minute or so...it's been running like this for 250k, no mods beyond 4" exhaust upgrade and 15psi fuel pump. Coolant gauge temps get up to 200°F in above freezing ambient temperatures and pretty much stay there, even in TX summer heat.
So 500°F sounds a tad high for the lower output flatheads, even in the summer. The only time that I have seen temperatures that high on a gasoline engine was when I was working on a GMC being converted to run on propane...that involved trying to deal with some GM emissions blackboxes kept leaning out the carb after the truck went to closed loop operation. I didn't need a thermometer to know that something was wrong with the truck as opening the hood felt like opening the oven on a Red Baron that was ready to serve 🍕